All around the world, much of the world’s marine biodiversity face threats from activities and events such as
- Coastal development;
- Overfishing;
- Inland pollution;
- Global climate change.
- Ocean acidification caused by some of the excess carbon dioxide emissions being absorbed by the world’s oceans
The 2004 edition of Status of Coral Reefs Around the World lists the following top 10 emerging threats (p.19) in these three categories:
- Global Change Threats
- These are:
- Coral bleaching—caused by elevated sea surface temperatures due to global climate change;
- Rising levels of CO2
- Diseases, Plagues and Invasives—linked to human disturbances in the environment.
- Direct Human Pressures
- These are:
- Over-fishing (and global market pressures)—including the use of damaging practices (bomb and cyanide fishing);
- Sediments—from poor land use, deforestation, and dredging;
- Nutrients and Chemical pollution
- Development of coastal areas—for urban, industrial, transport and tourism developments, including reclamation and mining of coral reef rock and sand beyond sustainable limits.
- The Human Dimension—Governance, Awareness and Political Will
- These are:
- Rising poverty, increasing populations, alienation from the land
- Poor capacity for management and lack of resources
- Lack of Political Will, and Oceans Governance
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